Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 893 Words

Cannabis has been declared a Schedule I controlled substance since the the Marijuana Tax Act OF 1973. Nevertheless, today, some countries have legalized cannabis while other countries have not. Moreover, in the United States, some states such as Washington and Colorado have also legalized the possession and usage of marijuana for medical purposes. On the other hand, various penalties are imposed for use or possession of cannabis in most states. Marijuana should be legalize because of the medical and economical adavnages it possesses. Primarily, cannabis should be legalized since it is used for medication, and its legalization means better and higher quality health standards. For example, Sativex is a recent pharmaceutical drug that was made out of marijuana extract; has been discovered to cure Multiple Sclerosis. It has been used in the United Kingdom to treat MS patients, and it has been found to work effectively. Therefore, the banning of cannabis would be a disadvantage to people who suffer from diseases that use cannabis as a major component in their medicine. Cannabis also helps with pain, glaucoma, asthma, epilepsy, movement disorders and seizures and arthritis. The usage of cannabis for medical purpose is the strongest reason to legalize it, unfortunately the powers that be are unreluctant to yield to persuasion. Moreover, economically the legalization of marijuana can also yield a new tax source for theShow MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be leg alized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. The new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1145 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a drug that has been actively used for centuries. This drug can be traced back to 2737 BC by the Chinese emperor Shen Nung. He spoke about the euphoric effects of Cannabis and even referred to it as the â€Å"Liberator of Sin.† Since early on, marijuana was seen as a medicinal plant that was recommended for medical uses. Marijuana is currently in schedule I, which means that physicians are not allowed to prescribe it in the United States (Hart, Ksir 2013). This drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?997 Words   |  4 PagesLegalize It: The Benefits of Legalizing Marijuana Should marijuana be legalized? Many Americans have been asked this question or have heard some type of news about the issue. Marijuana is commonly known as cannabis which refers to the dried up hemp plant cannabis sativa, even though marijuana is a plant and has no chemical additives it has been a tropic of controversy for many years but nowadays it is in the spotlight more than ever. For centuries, marijuana has been used by people throughout theRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conducted Should Marijuana Be Legalized - 893 Words The suggestions and information presented is intended for every day American voters between the ages, with families that may have psychological or physical sicknesses or diseases. Its’ purpose is to hopefully bring a new light and possible understanding to the benefits of marijuana. Problem Statement A large social issue that is in huge debate today on the status that marijuana should stand on. There is a lot of valid scientific information that states marijuana to be completely harmless, but even then society labels it as a â€Å"bad drug†. Recent studies have said that marijuana is harmless, and even helpful for patients suffering from the process of chemotherapy and other illnesses that are currently being treated by man-made prescription drugs. It is important for people at this point in time, to recognize the positive effects that can come from the use of marijuana. A little background on marijuana. A more technical term for it is cannabis, and what is cannabis exactly? The American Cancer Society 2015 states that cannabis comes from the plant, which grows wild or can be grown in almost any kind of climate. There are different kind of strains and types of the plant, the indica cannabis, is the kind that gives the user a mellow, relaxed and hungry feeling. A sativa strain, is the one that many claim to get an uplifting and energetic feeling. There is one main ingredient, which is THC (delta-9 tetra hydro-cannabinol) which is the part of the plant that gives a user the â€Å"high†Show MoreRelatedShould Marijuana Be Legalized?849 Words   |  4 Pageswhether marijuana should be legalized. Around 23 states have legalized marijuana for medical and recreational use. In the state of Illinois, medicinal use of marijuana has been passed on April 17, 2013. Since January 2014, patients are able to obtain marijuana with a doctor s recommendation. Th e new debate is whether marijuana should be legalized for the general public as a recreational drug. Although some believe that marijuana is harmless, and that it has beneficial medicinal uses, marijuana shouldRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1715 Words   |  7 PagesMarijuana in Society Cannabis, formally known as marijuana is a drug obtained from the tops, stems and leaves of the hemp plant cannabis. The drug is one of the most commonly used drugs in the world. Only substances like caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are used more (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). In the U. S. where some use it to feel â€Å"high† or get an escape from reality. The drug is referred to in many ways; weed, grass, pot, and or reefer are some common names used to describe the drug (â€Å"Marijuana† 1). Like mostRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1489 Words   |  6 Pagescannabis plant or marijuana is intended for use of a psychoactive drug or medicine. It is used for recreational or medical uses. In some religions, marijuana is predominantly used for spiritual purposes. Cannabis is indigenous to central and south Asia. Cannabis has been scientifically proven that you can not die from smoking marijuana. Marijuana should be legalized to help people with medical benefits, econo mic benefits, and criminal benefits. In eight states, marijuana was legalized for recreationalRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1245 Words   |  5 PagesMarijuana is a highly debatable topic that is rapidly gaining attention in society today.   Legalizing marijuana can benefit the economy of this nation through the creation of jobs, increased tax revenue, and a decrease in taxpayer money spent on law enforcement.   Ã‚  Many people would outlaw alcohol, cigarettes, fast food, gambling, and tanning beds because of the harmful effects they have on members of a society, but this is the United States of America; the land of the free and we should give peopleRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1010 Words   |  5 PagesThe legalization of marijuana became a heated political subject in the last few years. Twenty-one states in America have legalized medical marijuana. Colorado and Washington are the only states where marijuana can be purchased recreationally. Marijuana is the high THC level part of the cannabis plant, which gives users the â€Å"high† feeling. There is ample evidence that supports the argument that marijuana is beneficial. The government should legalize marijuana recreationally for three main reasonsRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1231 Words   |  5 Pagesshows the positive benefits of marijuana, it remains illegal under federal law. In recent years, numerous states have defied federal law and legalized marijuana for both recreational and medicinal use. Arizona has legalized marijuana for medical use, but it still remains illegal to use recreationally. This is absurd, as the evidence gathered over the last few decades strongly supports the notion that it is safer than alcohol, a widely available substance. Marijuana being listed as a Schedule I drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1350 Words   |  6 Pagespolitics in the past decade would have to be the legalization of marijuana. The sale and production of marijuana have been legalized for medicinal uses in over twenty states and has been legalized for recreational uses in seven states. Despite the ongoing support for marijuana, it has yet to be fully legalized in the federal level due to cultural bias against â€Å"pot† smoking and the focus over its negative effects. However, legalizing marijuana has been proven to decrease the rate of incrimination in AmericaRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized? Essay1457 Words   |  6 PagesSHOULD MARIJUANA BE LEGALIZED? Marijuana is a drug that has sparked much controversy over the past decade as to whether or not it should be legalized. People once thought of marijuana as a bad, mind-altering drug which changes a person’s personality which can lead to crime and violence through selling and buying it. In the past, the majority of citizens believed that marijuana is a harmful drug that should be kept off the market and out of the hands of the public. However, a recent study conductedRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1145 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Marijuana Marijuana is a drug that has been actively used for centuries. This drug can be traced back to 2737 BC by the Chinese emperor Shen Nung. He spoke about the euphoric effects of Cannabis and even referred to it as the â€Å"Liberator of Sin.† Since early on, marijuana was seen as a medicinal plant that was recommended for medical uses. Marijuana is currently in schedule I, which means that physicians are not allowed to prescribe it in the United States (Hart, Ksir 2013). This drugRead MoreShould Marijuana Be Legalized?1596 Words   |  7 Pages But what needs to be known before a user can safely and completely make the decision if trying Marijuana is a good idea? Many do not want the drug to be legalized because they claim that Cannabis is a â€Å"gateway drug†, meaning it will cause people to try harder drugs once their body builds up a resistance to Marijuana, because a stronger drug will be needed to reach a high state. This argument is often falsely related to the m edical side of the debate over legalization. It is claimed that this would

Juvenile and False Confession Free Essays

I have heard the police repeat the Miranda right time and again in television movies involving police and crime suspect. Prior to my MS in forensic psychology program in Walden University, I had not the slightest idea that the words embedded in Miranda rights are actually legal right, I thought they were mere lines used in movie acting and I never envisaged its importance; even Police in Nigerian movies recites this right to crime suspects even though the Nigerian constitution is silence about such right. Historically, Miranda right was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court which passed 5-4 in 1966 in the lawsuit Miranda v. We will write a custom essay sample on Juvenile and False Confession or any similar topic only for you Order Now Arizona, 384 U. S. 436. Miranda rights gives suspects the right to remain silent when arrested, the knowledge that any statement made can be used against them in a Court of law and an understanding they have the right to an attorney and they reserve the right to waive this right and succumb to interrogation by the police. Research abound that addresses the inability of juveniles in fully comprehending the implication of waiving Mirada rights. Ferguson, Jimenez Jackson (2010) conducted literature review of relevant research studies and lawsuits to establish the fact that juveniles are not properly developed to make informed decisions when it comes to upholding their right to remain silence in the wake of police arrest and their competence to stand trial. Studies has confirmed the fact that age an IQ level of juveniles is related to juveniles’ ability to comprehend Mirada rights (Goldstein, Condie, Kalbeitzer, Osman, Geier, 2003). Grisso (1997) also noted that juveniles’ limited understanding of legal terminologies leads to increased risk of waiving their Miranda rights. Ferguson, Jimenez and Jackson further reviewed articles on cognitive and psychological abilities in juvenile citing the MacArthur Foundation Research Network on Adolescent Development and Juvenile Justice. The foundation’s study indicated that adolescents and adult differed significantly in psychosocial abilities. The most important result of this research work which symbolized a compilation of findings from literature reviewed on competency to stand trial and vulnerability to false confession which is of immense value to the police setting is the finding by Kassin and Norwick (2004) which indicated that innocent individuals were more likely to waive their Miranda rights than guilty individuals because of their faith in the legal system. Another important finding was gotten from the review of Viljoen, Klaver and Roesch (2005) study which revealed that defendants aged between 11 to 17 years, older ones remained silent while younger ones were more likely to confess. This was in consonant with Redlich and Goodman (2003) who assessed false confession between 3 age groups: 12 to 13, 15 to 16 and 18 to 26. the 12 to 1 age group were more prone to false confession. Older juveniles were however more prone to false confession when presented with â€Å"evidence. † Overall, the research found juveniles between the age of 12 and 16 were practically vulnerable to false confessions. The various results reported is of immense value in police settings. The police using the results of this research must pay particular attention to defendants who refuse to waive their Miranda rights because as Kassin And Norwick (2004) study has revealed, innocent defendants are quick to waive their Miranda rights. However, care must be taken by police to find out the waiving of rights by defendants is due to psychological immaturity on account of age of the defendant (Goldstein et al. , 2003) or is due to the defendants’ lack of understanding of legal terminologies (Grisso, 1997). The results of this research also revealed that juveniles between the age of 16 to 18 may give false confession when presented with â€Å"evidence. † The police must explore other ways of interrogating juveniles to obtain reliable and correct information other than presenting false evidence which influences juveniles negatively thereby leading them to make false confession. Knowledge gleaned from Eckhardt, Norland, and Bradley(2004) study is that sometimes, offenders’ maladaptive behavior is specific to the individual characteristic of the perpetrator. Forensic psychology professionals working in police setting must understand juveniles on account of their age lacks the capacity to understand legal terminologies which may be one of the reasons they more readily waive their Miranda rights (Grisso, 1997). Forensic Psychology Professionals in police settings must therefore work with juveniles with the understanding that their stage of psychosocial development is below that of the adults. REFERENCES Eckhardt, C. , Norlander, B. (2004). Anger Hostility and Male Perpetrators of In- Timate Partner Violence: A Meta-Analytic Review. Clinical Psychology Rev- Iew 25, 119-152 Ferguson, A. C. , Jimenez, M. M. Jackson, R. L. (2010) Juvenile False Confessio- ns and Competency to Stand Trial: Implication for Policy Reformation and Research. The New School Psychology, 7 (1) Goldstein, N. E. , Condie, L. O. , Kalbeitzer, R. , Osman, D. Geier, J. L. (2003). Juvenile Offenders’ Miranda Rights Comprehension and Self-Reported Likelihood of Offering False Confession. Assessment 10 (4): 359-369. Grisso, T. (1997). The Competence of Adolescents as trial defendants. Psycholo- Gy Public Policy and Law, 3 (1) 3-32. retrieved from http://www. apa. org/ Pubs/journals/law/ Kassin, S. M. Norwick, R. J. (2004). Why People Waive ther Miranda Rights: The Power of Innocence. Law and Human behavior, 28 (2), 211-221. Ret- Rieved from http://www. springer. com/psychology/law++psychology/ Journal/10979 Redlich, A. D Goodman, G. S. (2003). Taking Responsibility for an act not Committed: The Influence of Age and Suggestibility. Law and human Beh- Avior, 27 (2),141-156 DOI: 10. 1023/A:1022543012851 Viljeon, J. L. Roesch, R. (2005). Competence to Waive Interrogation Interroga- Tion Rights and Adjudicative Competence in Adolescents Defendants: Co- Genitive Development , Attorney Contact, and Psychological Symptoms. Law and Human Behavior, 29(6):723-743 How to cite Juvenile and False Confession, Essay examples

Compare essay opera and musical Example For Students

Compare essay opera and musical Opera and Musicals Opera and musicals are popular performing arts of the world. Since a majority of people think that musicals are a lighter and an easier genre of performing art than opera, musicals are more widely appreciated than opera in this century. Opera and musicals both consist of music, stage, story, performer and audience, however, there are numerous differences among these elements. Operas history begins in Italy in late 16th century with a group called Cameras. Cameras was a group of young musicians and poets in Florence, people who were tidying new music invented opera by reproducing ancient Greek dramas. We will write a custom essay on Compare opera and musical specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now While the origin of opera can be found clearly in time and space, the origin of musicals are ambiguous; because, musicals have been developed from the tradition of opera. The origin of musicals can begin with Musical Farce that is originated in England in the 17th century, or Musical Comedy and Musical Play in late the 19th century, or Broad way Musicals developed in New York in the 20th century. Both opera and musicals have satirized issues and events in old societies; in modern society, they are received as performing arts loved by world people. Opera and musicals have different rules and features in their performances. Opera has more simple stages when musicals usually have various styles of stages. Operas stage seldom changes while performing, and costumes are neat and formal; musicals stage changes its stage sets in diverse ways while performing, and costumes are more characterized. The stories of opera are limited in classic literature and classic music. In contrast, the stories of musicals are unrestricted; classic literature, revision of old literature, and cent creation can be used. Therefore, the backgrounds of opera are limited in old days, but musicals background may transcend not only time but also space. Music is the most important element in both opera and musicals. Opera always use a live orchestral accompaniment with conductor; in contrast, musicals mostly use a recorded or live instrumental accompaniment, rarely has an orchestra; however, the musical Chicago performed by London team in Korea in 2003 had a live orchestral accompaniment. Opera songs are limited in classic music when musical ones cover a wide range of genres of music like classic, Jazz, pop, ballad, rap and other genres. The story is telling via songs in opera while the story is telling via songs, lines, dance and mime in musicals. Opera music is limited to classic only, but musical music can be made or edited to easier for audience to appreciate. The songs in opera are often sung in language of the original songs, so the audience may refer the brochure for songs in opera; the songs in musicals can be translated into language of performers, and the lyrics can be edited by directors intention, so the audience understand the story and music easily. Singers in opera are called vocalists, they mostly are great singers, and most of them have a college degree in voice major, or they are Just extraordinary talented singers. Performers in musicals are called actors; most of them are fairly good at singing, dancing and acting, but some of them are excellent in one or two of skills. Since vocalists number one requirement is singing, compare essay opera and musical By sausage vocalists in opera do not have to be very beautiful or handsome, slim or muscular like movie stars. In contrast, since actors have to sing, dance and act in musicals, more limitations are bound to follow; heroes and heroines in love stories in musicals are usually visually attractive, most of actors are able to make fixable movements, and have their own showmanship. .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e , .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e .postImageUrl , .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e , .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e:hover , .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e:visited , .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e:active { border:0!important; } .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e:active , .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u709567e87ca9c1052bcb39a18647429e:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Compare the representation of family relationships EssayIn opera, vocalists sing their songs formally in their voice range like soprano, alto or mezzo-soprano with orchestral play; but in musicals, actors sing and dance to the music accompaniment with giving off their charms. Opera usually performed in opera exclusive theaters with high quality sound yester; there are globally famous opera theaters: Theatre all Scale in Milan in Italy, Strapped Wine in Vienna in Austria, The Metropolitan Opera in New York in United States, Royal Opera House in London in United Kingdom, and Appall Grainier in Paris in France. However, musicals can be performed in either small or large theaters and even outdoors, it Just depend on characteristic of story, intention of director, and budget of the production. In theater, a physical distance between vocalist and audience is far from each other due to the orchestra in opera, but actors and audience mostly are physically close in musicals. Opera and musicals have uncountable famous works. There are some of most famous operas: Mozart The Marriage of Figaro, Don Giovanni, The Magic Flute, Verses Originator, La Trivia, Aid, Baizes Carmen, and Puccini La bob ©me, Tosca, Madame Butterfly, and other well-known classics; and musicals s: Chicago, Less Miserable, Mamma Aim, 42nd Street, Aid, Avenue Q, Beauty and The Beast, Cats, Don Juan, Phantom of the Opera, My Fair Lady, Rent and so on. These well-known works are loved and played globally to this day. In addition, numerous operas often become created to musicals. For example, opera Carmen, opera Aid and opera La bob ©me have become famous musicals in new styles. The opera La bob ©me has reinterpreted to rock musical Rent by Jonathan Larson. Opera La bob ©mes background, backstreet of Paris in sass, has reinterpreted to an east village of New York in sass in musical Rent. Characters also have reinterpreted to this new time period: a tailor in La bob ©me has become a club dancer in Rent, a poet in La bob ©me has become a rock musician in Rent, a philosopher in La bob ©me has become a scientist in Rent, and a Caucasian in La bob ©me has become a drummer in Rent. Music also has changed to musical style. Genres of music in La bob ©me are opera Aria and orchestral accompaniment, and genres of songs in Rent are rock music with strong beat, RB, tango and others. The most important clue in this story, the disease of heroine also has changed in Rent. The heroine suffers from tuberculosis in La bob ©me; however, the heroine in Rent is a drug addicted HIVE virus carrier. The endings also are contrast to each other. The play ends in tragedy by heroines death in La bob ©me, but Rent as a happy ending story with heroines revival. Opera and musicals take primary roles in todays performing art culture. Both performances are purposed on singing and telling a story to audience on the stage. However, they are dissimilar from their origins. Opera have longer history than musicals, opera have more restrictions than musicals in stage setting, costumes, story and their backgrounds. Opera has only classic music while musicals have diverse types of music. Performers in opera and musicals have different characteristics. Opera prefer high quality theaters, but ajar works in their fields, and they are still performed globally. Furthermore, numerous well-known operas often become reinterpreted to musicals s in todays style like La bob ©me and Rent. Therefore, though, both opera and musicals are performing arts loved by world people, there are more differences than similarities between them. Since musicals have more mass appeals than opera, the relationship between performer and audience is closer in musicals than opera, so musicals carry more diverse types of audience than opera in modern society.

William Grant Still free essay sample

Still was self-taught in saxophone, clarinet, and cello along with an assortment of other instruments while also taking violin lessons. A man with humble beginnings, William Grant Still became the first person of African descent to conduct a major American Symphony (William Still). Still is most famous for his Symphony No. 1 Afro-American†. He was the first African-American man to write a symphony and then have it performed by the leading Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra. Still also wrote Operas, but they never gained the notoriety of his aforementioned symphony. He composed such operas as Troubled Island and A Bayou Legend. Still made a name for himself during a time when African Americans were oppressed. William Grant Still was married to Verna Arvey, who played a big part in his music. They were married in Mexico due to the fact that interracial marriage was illegal in the United States. Still defied all social stigmas and became a man who broke down barriers in music and fought equality (J. We will write a custom essay sample on William Grant Still or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Smith). The list of his groundbreaking achievements ranges from being the first African-American to conduct a symphony in the Deep South to being the first to have a symphony televised over a national network. Still was a pioneer in the Modern era of music in the early 20th century by creating music that interests all of the greats, but had a definite American influence to it. When William Grant Still died on December 3, 1978, a great deal of his work was forgotten. Today, his music has been rediscovered and he is cited as â€Å"the Dean† of African-American composers (William Grant Still). He wrote the music for the controversial opera, Troubled Island, while his wife, Verna Arvey, along with Langston Hughes wrote the libretto. The Troubled Island, tells the story of Jean Jacques Dessalines and his corrupt leadership in the Haitian revolution. After declaring himself emperor of Haiti, he is eventually assassinated by opponents of his regime. The Opera was well received and garnered 20 curtain calls after its first performance. Critics panned opera and which caused it to close after only three performances. The opera’s score mixed modern American influences with native Haitian influences to create a masterpiece (Murchison 42-74). Still’s most well-known Opera was A Bayou Legend. This opera would eventually become a television movie that would eventually rekindle interest in Still’s catalog of music. The story involves the beautiful and rancorous Clothilde as she enacts a plan of revenge against Bazile, a man who does not return her affection. Clothilde tries her hardest to gain his affection, but in the end, her feelings unrequited by Bazile, she orchestrates a scheme which leads to Bazile being lynched. The Opera was awarded the distinction of being his most well-known work, and being held as a lyrical masterpiece. The libretto was written by his wife, and longtime collaborator and wife, Verna Arvey (Smith 23-56). In my opinion, William Grant Still is by far one of the most influential composers in American Music. His music, held true to a lot of the beliefs that he was taught and showcased the African-American struggle, while also appealing to a wider public. Still was a true artist, who also worked with W. C. Handy as his arranger.

Music v.s the people Essays

Music v.s the people Essays Music v.s the people Essay Music v.s the people Essay People V. S Electronic Dance Music Electronic Dance Music, more often referred as EDM, is a selective genre of music, which centers in Trance, House, Progressive and Techno, its audience being among ages 11 to 25. Focusing in the art ofa DJ performing a continuous DJ set, progressing from one record to the next. Since early 1980s it has been popularizing more and more from time to time, becoming now, one of the biggest music genres in the world. From what it was being bedroom DJs and only getting booked to play at an underground rave or club has gone to performing at massive festivals, among ames like, Ultra in Miami, Tomorrowland in Belgium, Electric Daisy Carnival in Las Vegas, Global Dance Festival at Red Rocks in Colorado, and many other thousands of festivals specializing in this specific sound. EDM has now become a worldwide phenomenon, gone mainstream, from DJs/Producers being popularly known, like David Guetta, The Chemical Brothers, Armin Van Buuren and Swedish House Mafia. Many different times, this subject has been related unjustly to Drugs like Ecstacy, MDMA, etc But it is not until now that many people look at this phenomenon as a bad hobby. In 2010, Insomniacs 14th annual Electric Daisy Carnival took place at Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum with more than 185,000 of attendees during weekend. The festival drew criticism due toa 15 year old attendee who snuck into the 16 and up festival, and died of an overdose in the grounds. Local authorities took the unfortunate accident blaming EDM, drugs and everything involving the genre. EDC was then moved to Las Vegas, Nevada in its next installment. This outcome, came to a lot of other people (mostly parents) attentions, whome now seem to be concerned over their children who regularly attend dance music events. Many authorities officials across the United States, have tried banning events involving EDM, but have ailed miserably, still ignoring all the positive things these events have to offer. Many cities across the United States have become huge in the EDM business, and not only increasing in size the attendees whom promoters attract, but has also made a great impact on economy. In 2011, EDC was moved to Las Vegas Motor Speedway in Nevada, leaving an incredible outcome. According to an economic impact report by Beacon Economics, EDC pumped more than $136 million into the Clark County economy after more than 300,200 of attendees through the gates of the annual event. Also, equivalent of 1,400 full-time Jobs, bringing in $55. million in income for workers in Clark County. In 2011, Insomniac donated $75,000 from proceeds of the first EDC held in Las Vegas. Topping that today, $115,000 was presented to five different beneficiaries. As EDM events, formerly known as Raves, keep escalating, and one wont doubt this can get even bigger than it already is. This Just being a fact that estates how EDM benefits this world. Surpassing anything that had attacked these significants events, one would think this had stopped, but unfortunately this wasnt the case. On February 6th 2013, An article on raves made it to Los Angeles Times Front-Page story. Minutes after it was posted, promoters, organizers, EDM goers and pioneers of the topic, had gone mad viral against the story being published. Los Angeles Times attacked event organizers and promotion company, Insomniac, after publishing a story on drugs being sold at their events, defaming their prestige as company, it, being their only purpose. As if this wasnt enough, days before another article was written by Rong-Gong Lin II, Paul Pringle and Andrew Blankstein, Los Angeles Times, this time defaming the EDM scene in general, setting in bold, drug use as the main purpose. Popular known DJ/Producer, Kaskade, wrote an article in response to Los Angeles Times stories, explaning his following quote; they painted a picture of Ecstasy-fueled underground raves, bumped up into the mainstream, leaving a trail of dead, drug-addled kids being picked up by the coroners wagon rolling down desert roads. There are indeed some things that are wrong in the EDM scene, substance abuse being one of them, but perhaps, the real issue here, is drug use among teenagers. Defending with honor his music, sound and scene, Kaskade was serious about the topic, pointing out the growth of EDM throughout the years, eing it inevitable that with thousands of event goers, something can indeed go awry. In my own words, why blame EDM? Is like blaming a certai n kind of food topped with hot sauce, getting a stomach pain and blaming food instead of the hot sauce. His last statement, is surfing throughout the internet, being re-blogged by his fans and even fellow colleagues. Know this: as far as a music culture goes, EDM is the one who will accept the kids on the outliers, the ones who get bullied, the ones who feel like they may not quite fit in. This community is exceptional in its ability to bond all types ogether, and I am not exaggerating when I say it saves lives. Our audience is intelligent and kind, discriminating only in regards to which sound they like best. Our audience is unprecedented in their drive to proactively support each other. Electronic Dance Music, is Just not a general genre, is a universal language uniting millions of people around the world, leaving more positives than negatives. The hatreds might never stop, and will for sure continue to be confused for what is not. Drug abuse will continue even if raves or EDM go away. Since people dont see it, we ave a bigger issue going on, but theyre too blind to see it, and are looking to blame and throw dirt at something so beautiful and sane. Illegal substances will be and are everywhere, even in our own backyards, and criticizing ones scene will only cause to become underground again. Imagine a world were youngins are self-forced to party, per say, at an underground and illegal warehouse with no security and no one that knows about it, but them. Drugs well indeed be there, but in the atmosphere we live today it cannot be confused for what it used to be, and defending our EDM scene will end in something as positive as Saving Lives

Quotes From Pride and Prejudice - Jane Austen

Quotes From 'Pride and Prejudice' - Jane Austen Pride and Prejudice begins with one of classic literatures  most famous lines. It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune, must be in want of a wife. With a keen understanding of courtship, Jane Austen has been credited with helping turn marriages from a contract to a romance. Her novels helped promote the idea of marrying for love. Austen wrote many great heroes but its the hero of her first novel who steals most fans hearts. Mr. Darcy is one of the two most memorable characters in Pride and Prejudice. His battle of wits with Elizabeth Bennet has delighted readers for centuries. Here are a few quotes by (and about) Mr. Darcy. These words will give you a better sense of who he is, and what he appears to want and need in Jane Austens world. Quotes From Mr. Darcy Quotes She is tolerable, but not handsome enough to tempt me; I am in no humor at present to give consequence to young ladies who are slighted by other men. You had better return to your partner and enjoy her smiles, for you are wasting your time with me.- Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Mr Darcy to Mr. Bingley about Elizabeth Bennet; Ch. 3 But I can assure you, she added, that Lizzy does not lose much by not suiting his fancy; for he is a most disagreeable, horrid man, not at all worth pleasing. So high and so conceited that there was no enduring him! He walked here, and he walked there, fancying himself so very great! Not handsome enough to dance with! I wish you had been there, my dear, to have given him one of your set-downs. I quite detest the man.- Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Ch. 3; Mrs. Bennet to Mr. Bennet about Mr. Darcy I could easily forgive his pride, if he had not mortified mine.- Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Ch. 5, Elizabeth about Darcy Your conjecture is totally wrong, I assure you. My mind was more agreeably engaged. I have been meditating on the very great pleasure which a pair of fine eyes in the face of a pretty woman can bestow.- Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Ch. 6; Darcy to Miss Bingley A ladys imagination is very rapid; it jumps from admiration to love, from love to matrimony, in a moment.- Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Ch. 6, Darcy to Miss Bingley Nothing is more deceitful, said Darcy, than the appearance of humility. It is often only carelessness of opinion, and sometimes an indirect boast.- Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Ch. 10; Darcy The power of doing anything with quickness is always prized much by the possessor, and often without any attention to the imperfection of the performance.- Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, Ch. 10 To learn more about Pride and Prejudice check out this  study guide.

Newton's laws Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Newton's laws - Essay Example Newton's laws of motion (law of inertia, fundamental law of dynamics, law of reciprocal actions) were verified by experiment and observation for over 200 years, and they are excellent approximations at the scales and speeds of everyday life. At the atomic scale, they become a poorer approximation to quantum mechanics, and at speeds comparable to the speed of light, they become a poorer approximation to relativity. Just as they fail for material objects moving at speeds close to the speed of light, they fail for light itself. Newton's first law appeared to be in the past just a special case of the second law, and it was thought Newton stated the first law separately simply in order to throw down the gauntlet to the Aristotelians. However, modern physicists think that the First Law defines the reference frames in which the other two laws are valid. These reference frames are called inertial reference frames or Galilean reference frames, and are moving at constant velocity, that is to say, without acceleration. (Note that an object may have a constant speed through its motion path and yet have a non-zero acceleration, as in the case of uniform circular motion. This means that the surface of the Earth is not an inertial reference frame, since the Earth is rotating on its axis and orbits around the Sun. However, for many experiments, the Earth's surface can safely be assumed to be inertial. The law of gravity became Sir Isaac Newton's best-known discovery. Newton warned against using it to view the universe as a mere machine, like a great clock.

Environmental Problems, Climate Change and Global Warming Essay

Environmental Problems, Climate Change and Global Warming - Essay Example This essay discusses that there is a need for formulation of environmental ethics that can help us to understand and address the issues holistically. This may include first addressing the issues of systematic and institutional forms of developmentalism since they are the major contributing factors. This will create a sense of integrative approach to these issues thereby creating a good startup point for addressing the environmental problems. It is of crucial significance to give credit to the paradigm shift from Oil to Soil. This is quite beneficial since it leads to a sense of environmental consideration. It is crucial to understand that without the environment, there can be no resources like the oil. Again, with an unconducive environment, the benefits we derive from the environment will not help us that much. Therefore, it is important that when we derive benefits from the environment, including the oils, we should be conscious and considerate about the fate of the soil or the env ironment generally. It is true that many people in the industrialized countries always perceive issues touching on environmental considerations alongside developments as impractical or idealistic. This follows that they always lack a sense of environmental considerations following the majority of their operations. However, in order to deal with this, there should be policies in place that regulate industrial activities with regards to the emissions. In addition, there should be set environmental standards that should be met by those industrialized nations.

What Happened To School Food Essay Example for Free

What Happened To School Food Essay What happened to school food? I use to be excited for what was for lunch but now I just hope it is something edible. Since I started high school the quality of our lunches has been on the decline. With Michelle Obama’s National School Lunch Program now requiring less than 300 calories per meal the school is losing money from students not eating and the students are losing fuel that their bodies need to survive. Park Hill South should drop the National School Lunch Program and this is why. My first issue is the new amount of calories that can be in a lunch. Reducing the maximum amount of calories to 300 is ridiculous. The U. S. Department of Agriculture recommends that the average teenage boy consume between 2,400 and 2,800 calories per day. That means that only one eighth of your daily calories is in one of our school lunches. To some students lunch many be their only quality meal of the day and if it’s such a small amount of food they won’t have enough energy to get them through the day. Also athletes need to eat good, nutritional food to give them enough energy for afterschool practices. Since they aren’t getting the amount of calories they need their performance will be decreased. My second issue is the overall quality of the food getting served. The food ranges from okay to disgusting, with most on the lower end of the scale. Back when I was a freshman the pasta bar had a delicious breadstick that was as long as the tray and soft, but now after all the changes we get a little stubby piece of hard bread. Changes like that have been made for almost every meal that is served by the school. Since the quality of our food as gone down many students now bring their lunch or don’t eat at all. With fewer lunches being bought the school has to be losing a substantial amount of revenue. I went from eating around $4. 00 of food last year to only $0. 50 this year. If 25 students do the same thing that’s a loss of $87. 50 per day! The issue with school lunches need to be changed. If Park Hill South would leave the National School Lunch Program they would benefit greatly. From the happiness and health of the students to the boosts in money that will be made from better sales. I now it won’t be done overnight but hopefully in the next few years they will decide to start making better food.

Onnagata: The Art of Woman in Japanese Kabuki Essay -- Japanese Societ

The grace of a swan, subtle graceful movements, beauty, and finesse, these are all aspects of the Japanese Onnagata 1.The Onnagata (male actors portraying women) in Japan is viewed as the ideal women, according to the revered Misaki Isaka, their conduct â€Å"offstage is made responsible for artistry onstage, such as singing (ka), dancing (bu), and acting (ki)† 2. This is how Japanese society has come to view them over the years, but in reality, the Onnagata is a repressed individual that is not allowed to express their masculinity in any facet in society. This can be seen in a quote, within a short story, written by Yukio Mishima; â€Å" He must live as a woman in his daily life, he is unlikely to be considered an accomplished Onnagata. When he appears on stage, the more he concentrates on performing this or that essentially feminine action the more masculine he will seem†3. The Onnagata, in Japan, is the ideal perfect woman who surpasses all women, but they are the co ntradictory, male representation of the male fantasy. The manner in which, the Onnagata, essentially is in Japanese society has created a new ideal of gender in Japan and a new form of repression. "Kabuki would have died had not increasingly believable, instead of merely pretty, female characters begun to appear in the mature male kabuki that emerged in the 1650s †¦ an open transition from gay theater to Gei Theater, gei being Japanese for art†¦Only actors past their adolescence could do and they were forced by law to cut their physical attractiveness" 4. The dictatorial members of the government at the time felt women and homosexual men had over stepped their bounds in theater, thus banning them. One reason for this is the essential make up of society for; women in the To... ...the protests against this form of life, I never realized that this was the basis of their ideas. 19. Isaka, Misaki, "Box Lunch Etiquette†, Manners and Mischief, 56. (Ayame a famous Onnagata from the Tokugawa period who laid out decorum for Onnagata. He said one should show dedication to their every action including eating and one should never leave their onstage role. They are to become onna in every way and to be beautiful even in old age. Ayame told them to embody real women and to look mischievous with a chaste mind and should never be seen to purposely make the present audience laugh for it is disgraceful, their most important role is to appear chaste). 20. Mishima, Yukio â€Å"Onnagata† Death in Midsummer, 1966, 146 (Onnagata can never capture the complete sense of femininity, for it is a piece of a brief moment in time, simply a fragment of a way of life).

Observation of a Infant/Toddler

Dawnetta Tipton Infant and Toddler Development 10/18/2012 Fall Semester 6:00pm – 9:05pm Infant Toddler Observations Karen Eaton Dawnetta Tipton OBSERVATION ASSIGNMENT Name: Dawnetta Tipton Date: 10/2/2012 Time: 5:00pm Age of child: 9 months old This observation took place in the child’s grandmother home. Her name is Laila and she is a 9 months old and she is a bright little girl with pretty black hair and she had 3 ponytails with hair bows and barrettes.I was invited over by the child’s grandmother; we have been friends since high school. We were sitting in the Living room of the house, the grandmother and I were sitting on the sofa which was black and gray and Laila was playing on the floor where her grandmother had placed a big blanket which had the cartoon character of the Angry Birds. There were baby toys placed on floor such as a stuffed animal, red and yellow rattle, orange teething room. The blinds were open and the sun shining in bright on the clean white walls.There was a black computer desk and chair sitting in the corner of the living room with a screensaver showing a picture of my friend and her family. My impression of Laila was that she was a bright 9 month old child who was very alert and aware of her surroundings. She interacted with me and her grandmother, she kept a smile on her face and made noises and she gave us kisses. She is learning to walk so she went from one end of the sofa to the other end while holding on to the cushions on the sofa.She is very friendly and did not cry while I was there visiting with her grandmother. This child will not be ignored, if she sees that you are not paying her any attention she will crawl over to you and pull up on your pant leg so that she can get the attention desired. Dawnetta Tipton Child’s Actions: 3:02pm Laila started to cry while sitting on the floor, her grandmother picker her up from the floor and asked her â€Å"what’s wrong granny baby? †, are you hungr y and the cry became louder, she fixed her a bottle of milk and she stop crying when given the bottle. :07pm Laila is laying on her grandmother while drinking her bottle of milk, she is gazing up looking at her grandmother while we were having a conversation. 3:12pm Laila gestured for her grandmother to put her down on the floor by stretching her body out and she was placed onto the blanket that had been placed on the floor with the toys on it, she picked up the brown teddy bear and started to play with it. 3:17pm Laila crawls over to me and pulls on my pants until she’s standing up, she put her hands up gesturing for me to pick her up and I picked her up, she began to play with my earrings and laughs out loud. :22pm Laila sat on my lap and played with my silver necklace which had a blue sapphire pendant while I talked with her and she was all smiles. 3:27pm Laila reached out for her grandmother after playing with my necklace became boring to her and her grandmother reached o ut for her and she was smiling and she gave her a wet kiss right on grandmother’s lips. Dawnetta Tipton 3:32pm Laila laid her head onto her grandmother chest and closed her eyes, about 4 minutes later she was fast asleep. Name: Dawnetta Tipton Date: 10/2/2012 Time: 1pmAge of Child: 1 year 10months This observation took place in the child’s home. Kylan is a 1 year and 10 month old little boy who is brown skinned with a short cute little afro, he’s wearing a black & gray Nike jogging suit. In the living room his 3 older siblings were present and also his mother. The room was very well kept, there was a red and blue toy box in the corner of the room which contained several different toys kept in it for kylan. There was a brown and tan sofa, loveseat and chair, 40 inch television with a playstation system plugged into it.In which his siblings were sitting on the floor playing a basketball game. The living room walls were beige with a brown border going around the to p of the entire wall with seashells as the print. The carpet was dark brown and fuzzy. My impression of Kylan was that he was very active, he’s always on the move doing something. He went over to his toy box and pulled out a small blue toy police car, he plays with it for about 3 minutes and then goes over to the sibling brothers to try and take the controller away from the brother closest to the television.Big brother tells him â€Å"No† you too little to play the game and he gets mad and tries to scratch brother face with his left hand. He then Dawnetta Tipton proceeds over to his mother raising up both hands for mom to pick him up and she does, he starts trying to talk with mom and he’s smiling and gesturing her hands to his face to play the game Peek-a-Boo. This child receives all the attention he needs from his mother and brothers. Child’s Actions 2pm: Kylan is walking around the living room playing with a little orange basketball, tossing the ball f rom me to his mom. :04pm: Kylan now tosses the ball at his 6 year old brother who gets mad and tells mom his little brother is bothering him while he’s playing the game, mom tells him to stop, he laughs and runs in the back bedroom. 2:06pm: Kylan is now standing by mom’s bed and tries to hide when I enter the room, he comes out of hiding and runs pass me back into the living room and jumps up in mom lap and start hugging her neck. 2:11pm: Kylan jumped down from mom lap and starts playing with his blue toy police car, starts to make noise as saying â€Å"Vroom-Vroom†. :13pm: Kylan sits on his older brother lap so that he can help big brother play the game, he is now laughing and all excited his brother let him help him play the basketball game. Dawnetta Tipton 2:20pm: Kylan gets up from his brother lap and walks into the kitchen and tries to open the refrigerator, his mother comes into the kitchen and ask him â€Å"Are you thirsty† and he nods his head yes and she gets his sippy cup out and he proceeds to drink his juice. 2:24pm: Kylan climbs up on the sofa and sits down staring at the picture of Spongebob on his cup, he looks at me and smile.Mom put in a DVD of Sesame Street and he proceeds to watch the show. 2:30pm: Kylan has now laid down on the sofa still watching his Sesame Street DVD while playing with his feet. My comparison of the 2 children ages 9 months old and 1 year 10 months old was that both were active children. Both had a lot of energy, and kept busy. The 9 month old was just learning how to walk and the 1 year 10 month old had been walking since 11 months old. The 1 year 10 month old is more vocal than the 9 month old, he can say some words and the 9 month old could make noises and sound.The 1 year 10 month old could show mom that he was thirsty and the 9 month old could only cry to signal to grandmother that she was thirsty. The 1 year 10 month old could climb on the sofa where as the 9 month old could only gesture for someone to pick up and place onto the sofa. I feel these 2 children were pretty much similar to what they could do just that the 1 year 10 month old was little more advanced in completing the things he wanted to do where as the 9 month old needed assistance from someone.

Continuing Education Essay

Continuing education (called further education in the United Kingdom and Ireland) is an all-encompassing term within a broad spectrum of post-secondary learning activities and programs. The term is used mainly in the United States and Canada. Recognized forms of post-secondary learning activities within the domain include: degree credit courses by non-traditional students, non-degree career training, workforce training, formal personal enrichment courses (both on-campus and online) self-directed learning (such as through Internet interest groups, clubs or personal research activities) and experiential learning as applied to problem solving. GENERAL CONTINUING EDUCATION General continuing education is similar to adult education, at least in being intended for adult learners, especially those beyond traditional undergraduate college or university age. However, it is not normally considered to include basic instruction such as literacy, English language skills, or programs such as vocational training or GED preparation. Instead, as the term suggests, it is assumed that the student already has an education and is simply continuing it. Frequently, in the United States, continuing education involves enrollment in college/university credit-granting courses, often by students enrolled part-time, and often offered through a division or school of continuing education of a college/university known sometimes as the university extension or extension school. Also frequently in the US, it can mean enrollment in non-credit-granting courses, often taken for personal, non-vocational enrichment (although many non-credit courses can also have a vocational function). Also, in the US, many such non-credit courses are offered by community colleges. The University of Wisconsin–Madison, in 1907, was the first academic institution in the US to offer what today would be considered an identifiable continuing education program. [1][2] In 1969, Empire State College, a unit of the State University of New York, was the first institution in the US to exclusively focus on providing higher education to adult learners. In 1976 the University of Florida created its own Division of Continuing Education and most courses were offered on evenings or weekends to accommodate the schedules of working students. [3] In the spring  of 2009, Eduventures, a higher education consulting firm, released the results of a study that illustrated that the recession had made a significant impact on the views of prospective continuing education students. A survey of 1,500 adults who planned to enroll in a course or program within the next two years determined that while nearly half of respondents believed that the value of education had risen due to the recession, over two-thirds said the state of the economy had affected their plans to pursue continuing education. CATEGORIES OF CONTINUING EDUCATION. Continuing education can be broken down into three categories: Formal education * Structured and organized education, training or professional development that takes place in a school, in the workplace or through a professional credit-granting organization. * Learning takes place under the set rules of the school and the education must be completed within specific time lines. * Results in a formal certification. Non-formal education * Education, training or professional development activities that are provided by by education institutions, community organizations and training agencies. * More flexible about meeting the student’s needs. * Depending on the program, this kind of education does not always result in a formal certification. Informal education * The process of gaining knowledge, skills and values from daily experiences at home, in the community or at work. * Individuals learn in order to enrich themselves. * May result in a certification, but not always. To learn out more about continuing education policy, explore these reports and papers: * Harnessing the power and potential of adult learning and education for a viable future – Sixth International Conference on Adult Education (CONFINTEA VI), UNESCO, December 2009. * Qualifications Systems: Bridges to Lifelong Learning – Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, April 2007. CONTINUING EDUCATION FOR PROFESSIONALS Within the domain of Continuing Education, professional continuing education is a specific learning activity generally characterized by the issuance of a certificate or continuing education units (CEU) for the purpose of documenting attendance at a designated seminar or course of instruction. Licensing bodies in a number of fields impose continuing education requirements on members who hold licenses to practice within a particular profession. These requirements are intended to encourage professionals to expand their knowledge base and stay up-to-date on new developments. Depending on the field, these requirements may be satisfied through college or university coursework, extension courses or conferences and seminars attendance. Although individual professions may have different standards, the most widely accepted standard, developed by the International Association for Continuing Education & Training, is that ten contact hours equals one Continuing Education Unit. [5] Not all professionals use the CEU convention. For example, the American Psychological Association accredits sponsors of continuing education such as PsychContinuingEd. com and uses simply a CE approach. In contrast to the CEU, the CE credit is typically one CE credit for each hour of contact. METHOD AND FORMAT OF CONTINUING EDUCATION The method of delivery of continuing education can include traditional types of classroom lectures and laboratories. However, many continuing education programs make heavy use of distance learning, which not only includes independent study, but can also include videotaped/CD-ROM material, broadcast programming or Online Education which has more recently dominated the distance learning community. Many universities such as Southern New Hampshire University, have begun to offer hybrid courses; where adult learners have the option of in-classroom learning, as well as taking online courses. [6] Online courses have brought the possibility of obtaining an affordable college education to many of those of to whom it was previously out of reach. In addition to independent study, the use of conference-type group study, which can include study networks (which can, in many instances, meet together online) as well as different types of seminars/workshops, can be used to facilitate learning. A combination of traditional, distance, and conference-type study, or two of these three methods, may be used for a particular continuing education course or program. CONTINUING EDUCATION UNIT A continuing education unit (CEU) or continuing education credit (CEC) is a measure used in continuing education programs, particularly those required in a licensed profession in order for the professional to maintain the license. Examples of people who need CEUs include: teachers, interior designers/interior architects, lighting designers, architects, engineers, educators, nurses, mental health professionals, and social workers. Generally, a CEU is defined as ten hours of participation in a recognized continuing education program, with qualified instruction and sponsorship. CEU records are widely used to provide evidence of completion of continuing education requirements mandated by certification bodies, professional societies, or governmental licensing boards. The records also provide employers with information on training pertinent to particular occupations. The term CEU is in the public domain. Any organization may award a traditional CEU without requiring any accreditation. With a traditional CEU an employer or other organization must decide on an individual basis whether to honor the CEU from a training provider. Due to certain CEU providers not adhering to high standards, and the lack of standards for specific fields, there is sometimes a distrust of the value of a CEU, and accrediting organizations have been created to standardize what a CEU means. [1] Of these, the International Association for Continuing Education & Training (IACET) offers the accreditation of CEUs for the most industries. Specific industries, such as nursing, health, etc. , have their own accrediting processes for CEUs. Any accredited CEU generally has a preface of the accrediting body. For instance training institutions accredited by the IACET can offer IACET CEUs. THE GOALS OF CONTINUING EDUCATION Ideally, continuing-education programs benefit both businesses and workers. Businesses encourage continuing education in order to sustain a highly skilled and specialized workforce—a workforce with the skills to perform a variety of tasks or workers with â€Å"cross-functional† skills. Workers, on the other hand, may receive promotions, gain more power in the job market, or become more valuable employees by enrolling continuing-education programs. Courses are available through a variety of channels. High schools, community colleges, universities, and trade/professional societies and organizations all provide continuing-education programs. Many offer night courses or run weekend-only programs that provide a convenient alternative for those with traditional Monday through Friday schedules. Schools sometimes team up with businesses and organizations to offer programs jointly. In addition, many companies run their own continuing-education programs, ranging from workshops and seminars to full-fledged college-credit curriculums. For example, Associated Spring, of Bristol, Connecticut, a division of the Barnes Group, cosponsors a voluntary on-site training program for employees that allows participants to earn credits toward associate degrees. The classes are run by instructors from Tunxis Community-Technical College in nearby Farmington. Classes range from basic subjects such as English composition to advanced managerial courses, such as organizational behavior, business and society (the study of public policy), and labor relations. By offering such courses, businesses can ensure that they have a steady supply of qualified workers. While advancing technology played a role in creating the need for continuing education, it also created new avenues for providing continuing education. The Internet, for example, eased the burden of enhancing business skills by allowing professionals to learn at home whenever convenient, alleviating the commuting and the time constraints associated with traditional classes. Universities as well as professional societies and organizations set up Internet classrooms or web sites that provide audio and visual instruction in such fields as insurance, accounting, real estate, and computer software. Not all continuing-education courses are aimed at professionals. Some schools offer training facilities and programs for tradespeople such as plumbers and carpenters. Classes in such programs provide not only practical information on the tasks of the trades, but also information on how to start and manage businesses. THE BENEFITS OF CONTINUING EDUCATION People who upgrade their work skills and knowledge not only can keep up with the latest technologies and business techniques, but they also can receive other benefits, such as the training needed to climb the corporate ladder and to realize additional career goals. Training facilities often house state-of-the-art equipment such as computers and computer-based training equipment. Computers can facilitate interactive training through computer networks such as the Internet. With this technology, learners have instant access to experts in virtually every vocation. While continuing education is sometimes perceived as largely a means to career advancement, researchers in the late 1990s argued that continuing education was becoming less of an option and more of a necessity. Hence, one of the greatest benefits workers may derive from continuing education is simply keeping their jobs. Nevertheless, additional education still can help employees receive promotions and land better jobs. Besides these basic advantages, some experts contend that continuing education provides additional benefits at a more abstract level. Continuing education allows workers to clarify and understand the purpose and goals of their occupations. In addition, continuing education can help advance various occupations by giving employees the opportunity to acquire both theoretical and practical occupational knowledge and to improve their problem-solving skills. Continuing education also facilitates establishing and regulating occupational standards for some professions. Perhaps the ultimate benefit of continuing education, however, is its ability to impart an attitude or disposition that encourages workers to find and use the best techniques available at any given time and to realize that these techniques will need to be improved or replaced, according to Cyril 0. Houle in Continuing Learning in the Professions. This attitude became all the more important late in the 20th century with the persistent technological advances, the growth of competition for jobs, and the shift from a manufacturing-based economy to a service based economy. Continuing education provides Canadians with skills and knowledge. Most importantly, continuing education provides people with options. See how continuing education can help you: Career and skills development * increase job opportunities * change careers or get a promotion * upgrade or develop new skills * get exposure to new ideas and best practices. * improve your competitive edge on the job market * keep pace with technology and industry trends * turn hobbies into job skills * get tools to cope with economic downturns * expand your professional network Academic enhancement * get your high school diploma * improve basic literacy * get prerequisites for college or university * retake courses to improve your academic grade point average * qualify for academic scholarships Personal development * explore new interests * get a richer awareness of different topics * meet new people and expand your network * become engaged with your community. * better understand issues affecting you and your community * improve self-esteem CONTINUING EDUCATION CENTRE (IITR) Learning is a lifelong process It is a pioneering centre in the area of continuing education in the country. It has completed more than 50 years of service and has played a very important role in the promotion of knowledge upgradation activity in our country by organizing refresher/specialist courses for in-service technical and professional person from various Govt. /Semi Govt. organisations, public and private undertakings, research institutions and industries. The Centre conducts about 60 to 70 short term training programmes in Continuing Education every year in various disciplines of management, engineering, science and technology in which the professionals are trained from all parts of the country as well as from the neighbour countries. The Centre is fully equipped with the facility of conference hall, accommodation, dining and recreation. This Centre acts as a window to disseminate information and awarenedd of latest technological developments. Courses organised by this Centre are innovative, accessible and stimulating and address to the current needs of the professionals. Programs reach students in all corners of the country/from all walks of life. To meet a variety of needs, Centre offers flexible, comprehensive course curricula in many formats. In the face of rapid technological advancement taking place around the globe, continuing education of in-service professional to new technologies is the need of the day to update knowledge much after completing formal education. Courses are being organised through the technical expertise available in the departments and centres of the Institute. Experts from industries and R&D organisations are also invited to deliver lectures wherever necessary. Centre organizes the courses in the beautiful campus of the Institute and also outside the Institute in consultancy as well as in sponsored mode that respond to client’s continuing professional development needs. Who comes to attend the courses Participants who enroll in our courses are interested in lifelong learning. Many participants attend courses to develop professional skills, many because they love learning and many for both of these reasons. The participant of the courses are in-service technical persons from various Govt. /Semi Govt. organisations, public and private undertakings, research institutions and industries. CLIENT ORGANISATIONS An illustrative List †¢ ALSTOM Projects India Limited †¢ Associated Cement Company †¢ Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd. †¢ Central Pollution Control Board †¢ Central Water Commission †¢ Centre of Excellence in Disaster Mitigation & Management †¢ Construction Industry Development Council †¢ Damodar Valley Corporation †¢ Department of Science & Technology †¢ Electricity Board Utility †¢ Ethopian Electricity Agency †¢ Ghana Irrigation Development Authority †¢ HAUC, Sweden †¢ HIMC †¢ Hindustan College of Science & Technology †¢ HPGEDA †¢ Indian Railway †¢ Irrigation Management Training Institute. †¢ Japan International Cooperation Agency †¢ LEA Associates South Asia Pvt. Ltd. †¢ Ministry of Home Affairs †¢ Ministry of Human Resource †¢ Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources †¢ Ministry of Power †¢ Ministry of Water Resources †¢ Moradabad Institute of Technology †¢ National Bank for Agriculture & Rural Development †¢ National Hydropower Corporation Ltd. †¢ National Programme on Earthquake Engineering Education †¢ National Rural Roads Development Agency †¢ National Thermal Power Corporation †¢ Oil & Natural Gas Corporation †¢ PBSTI †¢ Power Finance Corporation †¢ PRAGYA †¢ Prasar Bharti †¢ Project Management Unit Punjab State Electricity Board Research Designs & Standard Organisation †¢ Rural Engineering Services †¢ Security Paper Mills †¢ Smt. Ram Rati Gupta Women’s Polytechnic †¢ Tamil Nadu News Print and Papers Ltd. †¢ TIFAC-CORE †¢ Uttaranchal Academy of Administration †¢ Uttaranchal Gramin Sadak Vikas Abhikaran †¢ Uttaranchal Renewable Energy Development Agency †¢ Water Management Institute, Sri Lanka †¢ Xerox Modi Corp. Ltd. BACKGROUND This Centre provides high quality, professionally delivered short term courses covering a wide range of subjects. Provision is made for individuals, organisations, and professional groups. The present rate of development in any scientific area makes the specialized knowledge of a person in that area obsolete very soon. Continuing Engineering Education plays a vital role in the education and training of professionals which will keep them more productive and creative throughout their professional career. The goal of the country’s education system is to provide a very good basic education, train the students in a wide range of academic and professional disciplines to fulfill personal, societal and national needs. It is therefore the responsibility of companies and organisations to build a work force of their own on this foundation by providing training, continuing education and re-education. Developed countries have demonstrated that Continuing Engineering Education leads to better job performance and job satisfaction contributing to higher levels of economic development. The need for Continuing Engineering Education at the present juncture is all the more evident because the Indian engineering industry has to survive global competition in the light of new economic reforms proposed by opening our industrial sector for foreign investors. Vision A front line centre in science, engineering , technology and management making significant contributions to human resource development envisaging dynamic needs of the professionals Objective †¢To create opportunity for gaining experience and more knowledge in a particular field. †¢To create awareness in the technical community regarding the advances in their area of interest and expertise of IITR. †¢To provide a platform for interaction of Faculty, Consultants, Industries and users. †¢To provide an opportunity to study at IIT Roorkee for a short period of time. To provide requisite inputs for improvements. CONCLUSION Continuing education refers to any type of post-secondary education, used to either obtain additional certifications, or as credits required to maintain a license. Almost anybody can take continuing education courses for personal or professional enrichment; fitness trainers, nurses, and safety instructors are examples of professionals who fall into the second category. This type of education is aimed exclusively to adults who already possess a college or university degree. People take continuing education in the form of workshops, seminars, home-study or online courses, conferences, and hands-on training. There is no specific format or length for this type of program: some may take a weekend, while others can span weeks or even months. In the case of education for personal advancement only, students usually don’t receive college credits, as the courses are not considered part of the standard educational system. A common characteristic to all continuing education programs is a registration process. Attending a conference or cultural event that is open to the general public does not give attendants any type of education credits, and cannot be considered formal training.

Free Essays on So Many Goals, So Little Time

So Many Goals, So Little Time As a senior, while most students stress over what party they will attend on the weekend or where they will go for their senior trip, I realize the importance of setting goals and priorities that will be beneficial to my future. Some goals like scoring a 20 or higher on the ACT, being valedictorian, or say becoming president of my class, seem impossible in one year. So many things I want to achieve in so little time is how I would describe my dilemma. Graduating this year with at least a 20 or higher on the ACT is very important to me. I would love to be able to go to LSU; however, I need to have a very high ACT score to do so. I have taken the ACT only once so far and made a 17. I feel like I can pass my classes easily in school, but when it comes time to taking a major test, even when trying my hardest, I freeze up. I have recently purchased a CD-ROM to try to resolve my problem with taking the ACT. I practice my test taking skills with the CD-ROM every weekend and am looking forward to seeing some kind of improvement. However, with the stress of just being a senior and taking college preparatory course, I fear I won’t have time to improve my ACT score. Being class valedictorian is, of course, every honor students’ dream. I have never made bad grades before; however, my junior year, I started to show off more of my intelligent side. Now, every time I’m studying or taking a test, I imagine graduating with top honors. Although, many classmates of mine could easily become valedictorian, I feel that I should be valedictorian based upon my hard work and dedication, not just my GPA. Every day I stride further in improving my education. Being that I have never held a class position, I would love to become president of my class. I am very close to many of my classmates and care for them as I do my siblings. I love to help everyone, boy or girl, with his/her problems. Ordinarily, when anything dealing wi... Free Essays on So Many Goals, So Little Time Free Essays on So Many Goals, So Little Time So Many Goals, So Little Time As a senior, while most students stress over what party they will attend on the weekend or where they will go for their senior trip, I realize the importance of setting goals and priorities that will be beneficial to my future. Some goals like scoring a 20 or higher on the ACT, being valedictorian, or say becoming president of my class, seem impossible in one year. So many things I want to achieve in so little time is how I would describe my dilemma. Graduating this year with at least a 20 or higher on the ACT is very important to me. I would love to be able to go to LSU; however, I need to have a very high ACT score to do so. I have taken the ACT only once so far and made a 17. I feel like I can pass my classes easily in school, but when it comes time to taking a major test, even when trying my hardest, I freeze up. I have recently purchased a CD-ROM to try to resolve my problem with taking the ACT. I practice my test taking skills with the CD-ROM every weekend and am looking forward to seeing some kind of improvement. However, with the stress of just being a senior and taking college preparatory course, I fear I won’t have time to improve my ACT score. Being class valedictorian is, of course, every honor students’ dream. I have never made bad grades before; however, my junior year, I started to show off more of my intelligent side. Now, every time I’m studying or taking a test, I imagine graduating with top honors. Although, many classmates of mine could easily become valedictorian, I feel that I should be valedictorian based upon my hard work and dedication, not just my GPA. Every day I stride further in improving my education. Being that I have never held a class position, I would love to become president of my class. I am very close to many of my classmates and care for them as I do my siblings. I love to help everyone, boy or girl, with his/her problems. Ordinarily, when anything dealing wi...

Project Based Learning for Special Education

Project Based Learning for Special Education Project-based learning is an excellent way to differentiate instruction in a full inclusion classroom especially when that class includes students of widely different abilities, from the cognitively or developmental disabled to the gifted children. Project-based learning is also excellent in resource rooms or self-contained classrooms with either typically developing partners or with sufficient support or accommodations. In projects: Science: Create a model of a concept, perhaps insects, and label each part.Reading: Create a television commercial or a web page to promote a book, one you have read together or one that the group has read in a literary circle.Social Studies: Create a play, a power point presentation, or display for a State (as in Michigan,) a country, a political system (socialism, capitalism, republic, etc.) or a political point of view.Math: Plan a trip to a preferred spot (Paris, Tokyo) and create a budget for hotels, flights, meals, etc. In each case the project may support any number of educational objectives: Reinforce Content Retention Project learning has proven, in research, to improve concept retention in a range of students. Deeper Understanding When students are asked to use content knowledge, they are driven to use higher level thinking skills (Blooms Taxonomy) such as Evaluate or Create. Multi-Sensory Instruction Students, not just students with disabilities, all come with different learning styles. Some are strongly visual learners, some are auditory. Some are kinetic and learn best when they can move. Many children benefit from sensory input, and students who are ADHD or Dyslexic benefit from being able to move as they process information. Teaches Skills in Cooperation and Collaboration Future jobs will require not only higher levels of training and technical skills but also the ability to work collaboratively in groups. Groups work well when they are chosen by both the teacher and the students: some groups could be affinity-based, others could be crossability, and some could be friendship based. Alternate Means of Assessing Students' Progress Using a rubric to lay out standards can put students of varying abilities on a level playing field. Student Engagement at its Best When students are excited about what they are doing in school, they will behave better, participate more fully and benefit the most. Project-based learning is a powerful tool for the inclusive classroom. Even if a student or students spend part of their day in a resource or self-contained classroom, the time they spend in project-based collaboration will be a time when typically developing peers will model both good classroom and academic behavior. Projects can enable gifted students to push their academic and intellectual limits. Projects are acceptable across abilities when they meet the criterion established in a rubric. Project-based learning also works well with small groups of students. Pictured above is the scale model of the solar system one of my students with Autism created with me: We figured out the scale together, measured the size of the planets, and measured the distances between the planets. He now knows the order of the planets, the difference between terrestrial and gaseous planets and can tell you why most planets are uninhabitable.

Love, Speech Pathologist treatment of dementia patients with Research Paper

Love, Speech Pathologist treatment of dementia patients with disruptive behaviors - Research Paper Example This aims at determining how to ensure the quality of patients and family members’ lives in situations of dementia can be improved. According to pathologists, despite the fact that memory loss has been a  prominent  finding  lately  in most dementia patients, the main issue that contributes to institutionalization is the disruptive behavior, such as unnecessary speech associated with the disease. Some of the main symptoms associated with the disease include sleep disturbance, unnecessary speeches, aggression, depression, agitation and psychotic-related features. In addition, behavioral symptoms may be a  result  of dementia illness, Iatrogeneric causes and other  concomitant  illness. However, the  main  error  made by a majority in managing behavioral disturbances is that treatment commences without  identification  of the symptom precipitant. It is  essential  to ensure that before anyone commences treatment the identification of the  disruptive  behaviors and causes is done (Teri, Logsdon, Uomoto, & McCurry, 2012). To ensure that  treatment  of a sick  person is  sati sfactory, the patient’s family and pathologist should have a  sound  understanding  of the issue under treatment. Depression is one of the symptoms and the disruptive behavior of dementia that affects up to 20% of most patients. Depression can be in the form of unnecessary speeches because of  the disease-related neuronal loss and, less frequently,  reaction  to a disease process. For patients suffering from vascular dementia,  depression  mostly  follows the left cerebral hemisphere stroke. Dementia-related diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, have many patients showing symptoms of depression through their speeches. In most cases it is difficult to  diagnose  patients with depression due to dementia because apathy is  common in both disorders  (Teri, Logsdon, Uomoto, & McCurry,

Assessing your Program of Study & Recommendations Essay

Assessing your Program of Study & Recommendations - Essay Example Prison populations are increasing not only because of an increase in media attention in regards to all crimes being violent, but also that in terms of a set of parameters for recidivism of violent crimes, the state and federal prisons are receiving less violent criminals and more parole violators and drug users. â€Å"Reversing a 20-year trend toward ever-tougher criminal laws, a number of states this year have quietly rolled back some of their most stringent anticrime measures, including those imposing mandatory minimum sentences and forbidding early parole† (Butterfield, 2001). Law enforcement workers can help these inmates get the services they need like rehabilitation. They can work as advocates for these incarcerated individuals, and be proactive in their advocacy. I am happy with the program generally. However, if I am to make a recommendation, it is that the courses focus more on ethics. The society in which the debate over police ethics, political and otherwise since politics is a reflection, sets the ethical code, in a sense, since it is at least theoretically there to determine a positive relationship between the individual and the society through models of good behavior that does not bring harm upon others, or socially positive behavior. The specific concept of noble case corruption refers to the tendency of police misconduct to have its origins in circumstances where the behavior in question may be justifiable, but only in the context of the means. Training in ethics, to many commentators, may be compared to some arguments about training in art—some argue that one either has artistic talent or doesn’t, and if one doesn’t, no amount of art classes are going to make them a talented successful artist. However, I donâ⠂¬â„¢t subscribe to this idea, and I think that ethics training should be a part of the curriculum.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

History - Essay Example When the continued governance of the Province of Canada under the terms of the 1840 Act of Union had become impracticable, a Great Coalition of parties was formed to reform the political system. The first Confederation was held at Charlottetown in 1864 followed by the second at Quebec City where the idea of a confederation was explained. Confederation of Canada was the process under which Canada was formed as a confederation on July 1, 1867, when Queen Victoria gave royal assent to the British North America Act on March 29, 1867 (Wikipedia). This Act united the Province of Canada with the colonies of New Brunswick and Nova Scotia. While the BNA Act gave autonomy to Canada, foreign policy remained with the British. This was supposed to improve relations and make the economy stronger. Conscription in WWI worsened the French-British relations. In times of difficulty and dispute law gives a direction. In 1917, The Military Service Act placed restrictions on who could be called for mandatory military service (Alberta, 2002). Farmers were exempted, as their service was required to produce food. This was known as the conscription. The French did not want to go to the war but Canada was drawn into it being a part of the British Empire. Most French Canadian voted against the conscription but the conscription was evoked nevertheless. Later, when due to rising casualties during the war, people kept away from enrolment, the exemptions were removed. This upset the French in Canada and further strained the French-English relations. Front de Liberation du Quebec (FLQ) was founded in 1963 with a view to gain independence for Quebec even if terrorism had to be resorted to (Historica). The FLQ abducted the British Diplomat James Richard Cross and then the Provincial Minister Pierre Laporte on October 5 and 10 respectively. Negotiations between the FLQ and the Quebec government did not make

Titanium And Titanium Alloys Engineering Essay

Titanium And Titanium Alloys Engineering Essay Material selection in manufacturing process is an important stage because proper selection of material not only can prevent catastrophic events from happening, but it allows a product to be manufactured in an efficient and effective way at low cost while meeting product performance objective. In this assignment, we are going to research into two material topics and identify the usage of these materials and overview some of the properties as to why they are chosen for specific application over the others and manufacturing processes. Topic1: Titanium and Titanium Alloys 1.1 Applications of Titanium Alloys Titanium and its alloys are widely used in variety of areas. These areas include aerospace industry, marine operation, automobile, bio-medical applications, etc. Figure 1: Applications of titanium alloy 1.2 Automobile Connecting Rod One application of titanium alloy is applied in producing connecting rod for automobile in order to achieve high performance for high end racing vehicle. Connecting rods are one of the most important automotive components as it responsible for changing the reciprocating motion of piston into rotary motion so that the power generated by the chemical energy can be transmitted from piston to crankshaft and finally producing forces driving the vehicle. 1.3 Material Properties require for Connecting Rod Weight is always an important factor to consider in racing sport competition, therefore in racing sport arena, car builders always try to reduce the overall weight of the vehicle so that every single drop of power generated by the engine can be utilized in providing motion for the vehicle rather than carry its own weight. This result in many of the car components are replaced by materials which are light, robust without compromising other materials properties like tensile strength, compression strength, damping capability, creep, fatigue, etc. This includes the connecting rod for the engine. The weight of the connecting rod is important because it influences the performance of the engine is terms of forces generated and response of the engine. If the connecting rod is made lighter, it is usually better as less weight enable the throttle action and acceleration can be carry out more smoothly and effectively, thus enhance the engine efficiency. However, strength and other aspect of mat erials properties are equally important owing to the reciprocating load generated by the movement of piston inside the cylinder and crankshaft. For every revolution of engine rotation, the connecting rod is under huge amount of compression and tensile forces. Hence, it is necessary that the connecting rods strong enough to handle all the power produced by the engine and withstand all the forces that tend to pull the rod apart during exhaust and crumble the rod during compression which results in irrepairable engine failure. Since the engine is operating at high temperature and needed to sustain a sudden force caused by the explosion of chemical happen within the cylinder, as a result it is very important that connecting rod possess high fatigue strength, high fracture toughness at elevated temperature, high shock resistance, etc. Summarizing the needs for connecting rod, materials properties requires for a connecting rod include: High strength to density ratio Low density Low thermal expansion High fatigue strength in elevated temperature High fracture toughness in elevated temperature High shock resistance Low ductile-to-brittle transition at low temperature High melting point 1.4 Manufacturing Processes of Connecting Rod In general, connecting rods are produced by conventional forging method Figure 2: Conventional Forging Manufacturing Processes for Connecting Rod 1.5 Conventional Forging Method 1.5.1 Material Titanium is extracted from titanium ore by Kroll Extraction process follow by blending, melting, casting, forming and heat treatment to produce the required material for connecting rod. 1.5.2 Cutting to length of material The material is cut to the length near the final end product. 1.5.3 Billet Heating Alloy is heated to make it malleable prior to forming operation. 1.5.4 Hot Forging Red hot alloys which are in plastic condition are shaped into connecting rod by using compressive force. The alloys gone through the heating process is placed into die block and compressive force is imposed on the material by a hammer to strike it into the shape of connecting rod. 1.5.5 Trimming After the forging process, the ledge of excess material is removed by trimmer machine. 1.5.6 Piercing The material in the center of the holes is removed. 1.5.7 Shot Peening Shot peening is used to produce a residue compressive force to modify the mechanical properties of the surface to further improve the fatigue resistance. 1.5.8 Machining Machining process include deburring, milling, grinding, polishing, drilling, boring and inspection are carried out to produce the final connecting rod. 1.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Titanium Alloys 1.6.1 Advantages of Titanium Alloys High strength-to-density ratio allows titanium alloy to replace steel and other materials in many areas. Figure 3 and 4 reveals the superior structural efficiency of titanium alloys compared to other alloys, especially as service temperatures increase. Figure 3: Structural Efficiency at Elevated Figure 4: Density Comparison for various Temperature Metal Specific Strength of Titanium Alloys is generally higher than any other alloy at elevated temperature. Figure 5: Specific Strength for several alloy at elevated temperature Titanium alloys have better fatigue strength than other lightweight alloys. For instance, aluminium, magnesium, etc. The corrosion resistance of titanium alloys also far better than steel and even aluminium alloys. This enables titanium alloy product suitable to be used in caustic environment. The high reactivity of titanium with oxygen enable immediate forming of oxide layer which protect the material from corrosion. The primary reasons why titanium alloys are attractive materials in many areas is because it exhibits excellent strength to density ratio, low density and corrosion resistance. Other aspect of material properties including the following: High fatigue strength in air and chloride environments   High fracture toughness in air and chloride environments   Low modulus of elasticity   Low thermal expansion coefficient   High melting point   High intrinsic shock resistance   High ballistic resistance-to-density ratio   Nontoxic, non-allergenic and fully biocompatible   Excellent cryogenic properties 1.6.2 Disadvantages of Titanium Alloys Titanium extraction process is difficult and expensive. Titanium alloys have much higher flow stress than Al alloys or steels, thereby requiring much higher forging pressure capacity. Titanium and its alloys are more difficult to machine especially beta phase titanium alloys in comparison with steels and aluminum alloys for conventional methods such as milling, turning, drilling, etc. Titaniums has low thermal conductivity which reduces heat dissipation at the metal work-piece interface causing tools lifetime reduce and decreased welding or galling at tool and work-piece interface. 1.7 Structure and properties Titanium alloys are classified according to the amount of alpha and beta resides in the structure at room temperature. 1.7.1 Alpha titanium alloy The single phase alpha inhibits the heat treatment process. However it ensures weldability of the alloy. The strength and corrosion resistance at elevated temperature for alpha titanium alloys very much dependent upon the Aluminium and Oxygen element in the alloys. Figure 6: Ti-5% Al-2.5% Sn alloy in sheet form Figure 7: Commercially Pure Plate,0.03% iron Air cool at 732C/30Min 1.7.2 Alpha beta titanium alloy Beta stabilizing element results some beta phase to persist below the Beta Transus temperature which leading to two phase system. Two phase system enable Titanium alloy to be strengthened by heat treatment for example quenching, annealing, aging. Figure 8: Titanium Phase Diagram Figure 9 :Ti-6AL-4V Alpha-beta alloy plate air cool at 788/15 min 1.7.3 Beta titanium alloy Beta titanium alloys possess Body Center Cubic, BCC crystal structure is readily cold worked in the beta phase field. This allows solution heat treating follow by quenching giving high strength for the alloy. Figure 10: Ti-13V-11Cr-3AL alloy solution heat Figure 11: Flow stress for Titanium alloys treated at 788C/30min and water quenched Topic 2: Ceramic Coating 2.1 Ceramic Coating and Application Ceramic coating is one of the coating techniques developed for spraying ceramic material on the surface of object of interest to further improve the mechanical and physical properties for a readily available product made from certain materials so that the component life can further be extended. The typical application of ceramic coating is applied to create the thermal barrier for gas turbine engine blade, exhaust system, intake manifold and reduces the surface friction between two different materials to improve the wear resistant as well as making the interface between two materials more compatible. 2.2 Automobile Exhaust Manifold Exhaust manifold serves as a system to vent the exhaust gases away from an engine so that new round of cycle can begin. In automobile, we always wanted the engine to perform work with as high efficiency as possible, however most of the conventional exhaust manifold is usually made from cast iron alloy and other material. These materials usually having good thermal conductivity. This is not preferable because high heat dissipation rate can contribute to loss of energy which reduce the efficiency of the engine. With ceramic thermal coating applied on the exhaust system, engine performance improves in a number of ways. Firstly, they protect the exhaust system from rust and corrosion. Secondly, they reduce heat loss which can be translated into engine output. This can be viewed from several aspects. Ceramic coating insulates the heat of exhaust gases from the environment thereby keeping the exhaust gases hot which allow the gases flow more smoothly and these aids in cylinder scavenging. Next, by retaining the hot exhaust gases in the system, it reduces the engine bay temperature which results in intake air temperature reduced. Drop in intake air temperature can lead to less fuel usage and therefore increase the engine efficiency. For vehicle with turbocharger installed, the hot exhaust gases allow the turbocharger spool up more quickly making the engine more responsive. 2.3 Processes for Ceramic Coating 2.3.1. Surface Cleaning Before the manifold surface receive the ceramic coating, degreasing chemical would be used or material would be heated to high temperature to remove or burn off any foreign particle exist on the surface. The manifold will then be place in the oven at around 450 for around half an hour. 2.3.2 Coating Ceramic coatings are mainly manufactured by using atmospheric plasma spray method, APS. APS using the strong electric arc that generated between a positively charged electrode and negatively charged electrode to ionize the flowing gases into plasma state, then followed by injecting powdered ceramic into the plasma jet in order to melt the powder materials and propelling them onto the work-piece surface. This process allows the metal substrate to be coated with ceramic leaving a smooth protective layer. Figure 14: Atmospheric Plasma Spray Coating Technique 2.3.3 Finishing The manifold is then allowed to air dry for around 20 minutes before placing it in the oven to set the coating. Once it has bakes, the manifold is polished with a steel wool brush. 2.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ceramic Coating 2.4.1 Advantages of Ceramic Coating Ceramic coating protect the metal surface against rust and corrosion which extends the components life Ceramic coating create thermal barrier which reduces heat lost which enhance the engine performance and reduces the engine bay temperature. Ceramic coating can sustain high temperature up to 1100 which make it suitable for high heat application in aerospace as well as automobile industry. Ceramic coating can survive bending and shock without crack, peel or forming chip Ceramic coating comes in a variety range of colour which in turn improves the aesthetic for the component. Ceramic coating can be removed easily 2.4.2 Disadvantages of ceramic coating ceramic coating can be a costly process uniformity of coating thickness can be quite difficult to maintain might be difficult to apply to complex shape component owing to inside corned can have low film thickness according to Faraday Cage Effect 2.5 Microstructure of ceramic coating by Atmospheric Plasma Spray, APS Figure 15: (a) (b) Microstructure of ceramic from literature (c) Ceramic microstructure with thichness measured.